How much electricity can a photovoltaic panel emit in a year

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China has a vast territory and abundant solar energy resources. In 2000, China’s photovoltaic installations only had a 20,000-kilowatt area, which was less than 1/15 of that of Japan, and it has stagnated for many years. In July 2011, China issued the Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission on Improving the On-grid Price Policy for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation. Encouraged by the policy, in the hard work of the whole industry, in 2015, China became the world’s largest PV application market. In 2017, the country’s new PV installed capacity was 51.06 million kilowatts, with a cumulative installed capacity of more than 1.3 trillion kilowatts.

After talking about the macroscopic events of the photovoltaic industry, return to the microscopic photovoltaic panels. If someone suddenly asks you, how many powers can a photovoltaic panel emit in a year? Probably a lot of people will blaspheme, yeah, how much?

This involves two determinants of photovoltaic power generation:

1. Photovoltaic panel power generation

2. Installation area of ​​photovoltaic panels

In the same region, the higher the power generation of photovoltaic panels, the shorter the time spent on generating 1 kWh, and the higher the power generation in one day.

The 1 degree electricity we commonly talk about is converted to the term 1 kWh (1 kWh), which is 1000 watt hours (1000 Wh). That is, 1 degree of electricity = 1 kWh (1 kWh) = 1000 watt hours (1000 Wh).

According to a well-known brand battery board LR6-60-285M, its nominal power is 285W. Then, it takes 1000Wh ÷ 285W ≈ 3.5H to send 1 degree of electricity.

It takes 3.5 hours to send 1 degree of electricity, so is the annual power generation not 365×24÷3.5? If you do this, you have to laugh at your big teeth.

Why? Photovoltaic panels, photovoltaic panels, with sunlight to generate electricity. Therefore, it will not be able to send electricity at night. In the same way, the wind and the smog, the rain and snow, and almost no electricity. This leads to another term for photovoltaic power generation – the equivalent hours of use per year.

In 2013, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the “Notice on Playing the Role of Price Leverage to Promote the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry”. The notice is clear, according to the local solar energy resources and construction costs, the country is divided into three types of solar energy resources.

The solar resource area is divided according to the annual equivalent utilization hours. The annual equivalent utilization hours are more than 1600 hours for the Class I resource area, and the annual equivalent utilization hours are between the 1400-1600 hours for the Class II resource area. The utility hours are between Class III and 1400-1400 hours.

According to the classified I, II, and III regions of the country, the reference to the equivalent hours of use in the year, the longer the duration, indicating that the larger the solar energy resources available locally, the corresponding value will increase accordingly.

This means that photovoltaic power generation is closely related to the installation area. Different resource areas, the same type of photovoltaic panels, will also generate different amounts of electricity. In some places, there is plenty of light and it is inherently dominant.

It can be seen from the comparison table that the Hebei area belongs to the Class II and Class III areas, that is to say, the annual equivalent utilization hours are 1200-1600, and the average value of 1400 hours is calculated in the middle. The annual power generation is 1400 ÷ 3.5 = 400 (degrees).

Now, we can answer the question – how many kilowatts a photovoltaic panel can emit in a year – 400 degrees (theoretical).

Why is it a theoretical value? This is because, in addition to the photovoltaic power generation capacity and installation area (annual equivalent utilization hours), photovoltaic power generation is subject to external factors such as installation angle and orientation, local climate, connection line material, and surface occlusion. Things and so on.

Installation of photovoltaic panels requires the installation of angles and orientations in order to maximize the acceptance of the photovoltaic panels. If it is installed indiscriminately, people have angles, you are lying flat; people sitting north facing south, you are sitting south to the north, and deviate from science, but it does not affect the amount of electricity generated!

For example, there are extreme weathers that have not been seen for decades in the region. Rainfall, snowfall, smog for a long time, sandstorms, etc., even the sun can’t see, no matter how good the photovoltaic panels can’t be!

If you use a line such as a poor quality cable, the power is sneaked out, and the hair is no longer useful, and it is prone to accidents. This shows the importance of the material.

The obstructions of the photovoltaic panels should be cleaned from time to time. For example, there are big trees near the photovoltaic panels, or tall houses. The total illumination is not much, how to fully generate electricity. This is the problem of site selection. Or, the local wind and sand is large, only the photovoltaic panels are installed, but they are not carefully maintained. The panels are dusty and cannot fully generate electricity.

All of the above are factors that affect photovoltaic power generation. Therefore, the photovoltaic power generation we have just calculated is 400 degrees a year is the theoretical value. However, even the theoretical value of 400 degrees is enough. Think about the life cycle of a photovoltaic panel for about 25 years, 400 × 25 = 10000 kWh, which is several times the profit.

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Advantages and disadvantages of single crystal solar panels

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Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency. Because they are made of the highest grade of silicon, monocrystalline solar panels typically have efficiencies of 15-20%.

Let’s take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of single crystal solar panels under Sungzu:

Advantages of monocrystalline silicon solar cells:

1. Save space

Because these solar panels produce the highest power output, they require less space than single-crystal solar panels to four times the power of thin-film solar panels compared to any other type.

2. The longest life

Most solar panel manufacturers offer a 25-year warranty on their monocrystalline silicon solar panels. It is superior to similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels in low light conditions.

Disadvantages of monocrystalline silicon solar cells:

High cost

From an economic point of view, solar panels made of polysilicon (and in some cases thin films) may be a better choice for some homeowners.

2. The solar panel is partially covered by dust, dirt or snow, and the entire circuit may be decomposed.

Covering solar panels is a problem, and it is conceivable to use a micro inverter instead of a central string inverter. The micro-inverter will ensure that the entire solar array is not affected by the shadowing problem of only one solar panel.

3. Performance is affected by high temperature

In warm weather, monocrystalline solar panels tend to be more efficient.

The difference between monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon

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Single crystal silicon has two isomorphous, crystalline and amorphous forms. Crystalline silicon is further divided into single crystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon, both of which have a diamond lattice. The crystal is hard and brittle, has a metallic luster, and is electrically conductive, but less electrically conductive than metal, and increases with temperature and has semiconducting properties.

Monocrystalline silicon is an indispensable basic material in modern science and technology, such as electronic computers and automatic control systems in daily life. Televisions, computers, refrigerators, telephones, watches and cars are all inseparable from monocrystalline silicon materials. As one of the popular materials for technical applications, monocrystalline silicon has penetrated into every corner of people’s lives.

太阳能折叠包

Polycrystalline silicon polysilicon is a form of elemental silicon. When the molten elemental silicon is cured under supercooled conditions, the silicon atoms are arranged in a diamond lattice form into a plurality of crystal nuclei. If the crystal nucleus grows into crystal grains having different crystal orientations, the crystal grains combine and crystallize into polycrystalline silicon.

Polycrystalline silicon can be used as a raw material for drawing single crystal silicon, and the difference between polycrystalline silicon and single crystal silicon is mainly manifested in physical properties.

For example, in terms of mechanical properties, optical properties and thermal properties anisotropy, it is less noticeable than single crystal silicon; in terms of electrical properties, polycrystalline silicon crystals have much lower conductivity than single crystal silicon, and even electrical conductivity is very high. difference.

In terms of chemical activity, the difference between the two is very small. Polycrystalline silicon and single crystal silicon can be distinguished from each other in appearance, but true identification must be determined by analyzing the crystal plane orientation, conductivity type, and resistivity.

Monocrystalline silicon cells have high cell conversion efficiency and good stability, but are costly. As early as 20 years ago, monocrystalline silicon cells broke through the technical barrier of more than 20% photoelectric conversion efficiency.

The cost of polycrystalline silicon cells is low and the conversion efficiency is slightly lower than that of Czochralski silicon solar cells. Various defects in the material, such as grain boundaries, dislocations, micro-defects and impurities in the material, such as carbon and oxygen, and contamination in the process. Transition metals are considered to be the gateway for polycrystalline silicon cells with a photoelectric conversion rate of no more than 20%. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany have adopted this new technology and are the first in the world to achieve a photoelectric conversion rate of 20.3% for polycrystalline silicon solar cells.

What are the uses of crystalline silicon in the battery field

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Crystalline silicon material is the most important photovoltaic material. Its properties are gray-black solid with metallic luster, high melting point (1410), high hardness, brittleness, and inactive chemical properties at normal temperature. Currently widely used in semiconductor, solar photovoltaic power generation and other aspects. The following batteries can be made in the battery field:

1. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell

At present, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of single crystal silicon solar cells is about 17%, and the highest is 24%. This is the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency among various solar cells, but the production cost is too large to be widely used. And commonly used. Since monocrystalline silicon is usually packaged in tempered glass and waterproof resin, it is durable and has a service life of up to 25 years.

2. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells

The manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is similar to that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is much lower, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 15%. In terms of production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar cells, simple material manufacturing, power saving, and low total production cost, so it has been greatly developed. In addition, the life of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is also shorter than that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells. In terms of performance and price ratio, monocrystalline silicon solar cells are slightly better.

3. Amorphous silicon solar cell

Amorphous silicon solar cells (thin film solar cells) are new thin film solar cells that emerged in 1976. They are completely different from monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells. This process is greatly simplified, with low silicon material consumption and low power consumption. The main advantage of the reduction is that it can generate electricity in low light conditions. However, the main problem of amorphous silicon solar cells is that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low. At present, the international advanced level is about 10% and it is not stable enough. Conversion efficiency will decrease over time.

General principles of solar power systems

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Solar power system From the perspective of the entire solar industry chain, solar energy is pollution-free and low-energy. The general principles of solar power systems are as follows:

1. In special places with fire or dust, humidity, vibration and corrosion, use lamps that meet the requirements of the environment.

2. Select lamps with reasonable light distribution

The type of light distribution of the luminaire should be determined according to the function and spatial shape of the lighting place.

3. Select lamps that are easy to install, maintain and operate at low cost

4. Select lamps

In the case of meeting the glare limitation requirements, direct lighting and open luminaires should be used for lighting that only meets the visual function.

5. The difference between garden lights and street lights is not big, mainly the difference between height, material thickness and aesthetics. The material of street lamps is thicker and higher, and the garden lights are more beautiful.

6. Lighting fixtures should have complete photoelectric parameters, and their performance should meet the relevant requirements of the current “General Requirements and Tests for Luminaires” and other standards.

7. Consider the characteristics of the light source and the requirements of building decoration

8. When the high temperature parts such as the surface of the lamp and the accessories for the lamp are close to the combustible materials, fire protection measures such as heat insulation and heat dissipation should be taken.

9. The appearance of the luminaire should be coordinated with the environment of the installation site

The difference between UPS power supply and EPS power supply

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EPS is the fire emergency power supply, and UPS is the uninterruptible power supply. From a textual point of view, the two are different. What’s the difference? Sungzu Xiaobian tells you about the similarities and differences between EPS and UPS.

1. Different power supply methods

EPS uses offline power, which is the final power guarantee. When the utility power fails, if the EPS cannot be powered by a battery emergency, it is like a dummy, and the consequences will be unimaginable.

The UPS uses the online power supply. Even if there is a fault, it can alarm in time and use the public power supply as backup protection. The user can grasp the fault and eliminate the fault in time, and will not cause more damage to the accident.

2. Power selection is different

EPS is the city’s power priority to ensure energy savings.

The UPS is the inverter priority to ensure power supply.

3. The technical design indicators of the components are allocated differently.

EPS primarily provides power for power protection and fire safety. Load characteristics include inductors, capacitors, and rectified non-linear loads, some of which are put into operation after a power outage. Therefore, EPS needs to provide a large surge current, and the output dynamics are stronger and more resistant to overload.

UPS mainly supplies power to computers and network equipment, and the load characteristics (input power factor) are not much different.

4. Different objects

EPS mainly responds to sudden power grid failures, provides emergency lighting and fire emergency, ensures power safety and fire protection, and protects users’ lives. Products need to pass the fire protection certification of the Ministry of Public Security and accept fire inspection at the installation site.

UPS is used to protect user equipment or businesses from economic losses, and products need to be certified by the Ministry of Information Industry.

Solar panel application

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1. Household lighting power supply

Such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountain lights, fishing lights, black lights, tapping lights, energy-saving lamps.

2. Traffic field

Such as navigation lights, traffic / railway signal lights, traffic warning / sign lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, road / railway wireless telephone booths, unattended road power supply.

3. Communication / communication

Solar unattended microwave relay station, fiber optic cable maintenance station, broadcast/communication/paging power system; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc.

4. Protable Solar Generator

1.small power supply 10-100W, used for remote non-electrical areas, such as plateau, island, pastoral area, border defense station and other military: for civilian life, such as lighting, television, tape recorders, etc.

2.3-5KW home roof grid-connected power generation system

3.Photovoltaic water pump: solving the problem of drinking water and irrigation in deep water wells in non-power areas

5. PV power station

10KW-50MW independent photovoltaic power station, Fengguang (Chai) complementary power station, various large parking lot charging stations, etc.

6. Oil, marine and meteorological fields

Cathodic protection solar systems for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, life and emergency power sources for oil rigs, marine detection equipment, meteorological/hydrological observation equipment, etc.

7. Solar building

Combining solar power with building materials will make future generation of large buildings possible, which is the main development direction in the future.

8. Other areas

1 .car: solar car / electric car, battery charging equipment, car air conditioning, ventilation fan, cold drink box, etc.

2.Regenerative power generation system for solar hydrogen production and fuel cells

3.seawater desalination equipment power supply

4.satellites, spacecraft, space solar power stations, etc.

Solar panel type introduction

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Solar panels are assembled assemblies of multiple solar cells and are a core part of solar power systems and the most important part of solar power systems. Today, I will tell you about the types of solar panels.

1. Monocrystalline silicon solar panel

The photoelectric conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar panels is about 15%, up to 24%. This is a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of various solar panels, but the production cost is too large to be widely used. And commonly used. Since monocrystalline silicon is usually packaged in tempered glass and waterproof resin, it is durable and has a service life of 15 years and a maximum of 25 years.

2. Polycrystalline solar panels

The manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon solar panels is similar to that of monocrystalline silicon solar panels, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar panels is much lower, and its photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 12% (July 1, 2004, performance). The proportion of Japan is 14.8%. Very effective polycrystalline silicon solar panels in the world). In terms of production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar panels, simple in material manufacturing, power saving, and low total production cost, so it has been greatly developed. In addition, the life of polycrystalline silicon solar panels is also shorter than the lifetime of monocrystalline silicon solar panels. In terms of performance and price ratio, monocrystalline silicon solar panels are slightly better.

3. Amorphous silicon solar panel

Amorphous silicon solar panels are new thin film solar panels that emerged in 1976. They are completely different from monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels. This process is greatly simplified, with less silicon material consumption and lower power consumption. The main advantage is that it can also generate electricity in low light conditions. However, the main problem of amorphous silicon solar panels is that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low, the international advanced level is about 10%, and it is not stable enough. As time goes by, its conversion efficiency will decrease.

4. Multi-component solar panels

A multi-component solar panel refers to a solar panel that is not made of a single component semiconductor material. There are many kinds of research in various countries, most of which have not yet been industrialized, mainly including cadmium sulfide solar panels, gallium arsenide solar panels and copper indium selenide solar panels.

Whether the protective wire box is made of metal or plastic is good

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Usually, in home decoration projects, PVC boxes are usually used. The small ears on either side of the box are usually buried in the wall, and the wires are also in the box. During use, if the box is loose, it is difficult to touch the box, this time more dangerous.

Therefore, be careful when repairing the cable box to avoid potential safety hazards when the wire hits the iron screw. Many people say that plastic boxes are prone to aging, especially small ears on both sides are easily damaged. However, in fact, the boxes are mounted on the wall and they usually do not damage themselves when they are not frequently disassembled and accidentally damaged. In addition, the screw holes of the high-quality plastic box are equipped with copper nuts to ensure maximum safety.

Some people say that it is best to use a galvanized iron box, which is not as aging as plastic boxes and more durable. However, if a wire box is used, the ground wire must be used so that when the wire breaks and leaks, it trips immediately to protect the electrical safety.
Many people think that the iron box is relatively strong and resistant to corrosion and has a high degree of protection. However, the metal iron box has no plastic box and is easy to construct, and the hard wire of the iron box must be grounded. However, in real life, many developers are cutting corners on the ground and don’t pay much attention to it. If there is no iron box, there is no practical plastic box.

In real life, flame retardant metal boxes are commonly used in public places for fire protection purposes. But after a long time, the metal box will rust and the small earplugs next to it will slide easily. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is best to use a high quality plastic casing with a higher safety factor.

Lithium battery safety issues

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The current lithium-ion battery safety test and evaluation is to conduct various safety tests on the finished battery under various abuse conditions, and to test the excellent safety performance of the lithium iron phosphate material and the lithium iron phosphate battery under these conditions. A more important factor associated with the safety of lithium ion batteries is the possibility of short circuits due to the inherent causes of materials and batteries, and the higher probability of short circuits. On the other hand, lithium secondary batteries using lithium metal as a negative electrode have been abandoned due to the safety problem of internal short circuit caused by the occurrence of lithium dendrites during charging and discharging.

It is widely believed that lithium-ion batteries are safe under normal conditions of use, and it can be seen from Toyota Japan that the most unsafe nickel-based compounds in the industry are used. Although lithium iron phosphate materials are thermodynamic, their thermal stability and structural stability are among the highest of all current cathode materials and have been verified in actual safety performance testing, but the possibility of material and battery shorts is inherent. And by chance, it may be the least secure.

First, in terms of material preparation, the solid phase sintering reaction of lithium iron phosphate is a complex heterogeneous reaction (although some synthetic techniques claim to be liquid phase synthesis processes, the process of high temperature solid phase sintering is ultimately required). There are solid phase phosphates, iron oxides and lithium salts, plus a carbon precursor and a reducing gas phase. In order to ensure that the iron element in lithium iron phosphate is positive divalent, the sintering reaction must be carried out in a reducing atmosphere, and the atmosphere is strongly reduced in the process of reducing iron ions to positive divalent iron ions, where there will be a positive ferrous iron. The possibility of further reduction of ions into trace element iron. Elemental iron causes the battery to be short-circuited, which is the most taboo substance in the battery. This is one of the main reasons why Japan does not use lithium iron phosphate in power lithium-ion batteries.

In addition, an important feature of the solid phase reaction is the slow and incomplete reaction, which makes it possible to trace Fe2O3 in lithium iron phosphate. The Argonne laboratory in the United States attributed the defect of high temperature cycle of lithium iron phosphate to Fe2O3. Dissolution during charge and discharge cycles and precipitation of elemental iron on the negative electrode. In addition, in order to improve the performance of lithium iron phosphate, it is necessary to nanoparticle the particles. An important feature of nanomaterials is their low structure and thermal stability and high chemical activity, which also increases the possibility of iron dissolution in iron ferric phosphate to some extent, especially under high temperature cycling and storage conditions. The experimental results also show that the presence of iron is tested by chemical analysis or energy spectrum analysis on the negative electrode.

From the viewpoint of preparing a lithium iron phosphate battery, since the lithium iron phosphate nanosized particles are small, the specific surface area is high, and the high specific surface area activated carbon has a strong gas, such as moisture in the air, a carbon coating process. Adsorption results in poor electrode processing performance and poor adhesion of the binder to its nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are easily separated from the electrodes during battery preparation or during charge and discharge cycles and storage of the cells, resulting in internal micro-shorts of the cells.

To the best of our knowledge, lithium iron phosphate batteries have a high short circuit rate during both the battery manufacturer’s manufacturing process and the consumer’s use. Battery manufacturers often look for problems starting from the battery preparation process, and short-circuit problems caused by the inherent causes of lithium iron phosphate materials are often not recognized. A few years ago, when the car was driving on the highway, the US A123 18650 lithium iron phosphate battery exploded on the electric car. Subsequent investigations concluded that the screws of the wiring were not tightened, causing the battery to explode due to overheating. However, we believe that the possibility of a fire explosion due to an internal short circuit in the battery is greater. The heat generated by the external screws not tightening will cause severe fire and explosion of the 18650 lithium battery.