According to reports, by 2023, the total global photovoltaic power generation will increase from 391 GW in 2017 to nearly 600 GW, making photovoltaic power generation capacity more than the sum of all other renewable energy technologies or more, can reach twice the total capacity of Japan.

The International Energy Agency said in a report, “This growth is expected to continue. It is estimated that solar photovoltaic capacity will reach 1000 GW by 2030. China is still the absolute solar photovoltaic power generation, accounting for nearly 40% of the world. The United States is still solar photovoltaic The second largest growth market for power generation, followed by India, has doubled its production capacity. “The study also points out that wind energy will continue to be the second largest contributor to renewable energy growth, with an expected growth rate of 60%. By 2023, water and electricity will be the largest renewable energy sources.

According to the International Energy Agency, Hyundai Bioenergy will achieve maximum growth in renewable resources between 2018 and 2023, and renewable energy will continue to expand over the next five years, covering 40% of global energy consumption growth. Their use will continue to increase rapidly in the power sector and will account for nearly one-third of the world’s total power generation in 2023.

According to the Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, “modern bioenergy is a neglected giant in the field of renewable energy. It accounts for about 50% of the world’s total renewable energy consumption, like water, electricity, wind, solar. As with all other renewable energy sources, the right policies and strict sustainability regulations are essential to unlock the full potential of the bioenergy sector.”

The International Energy Agency also stressed that the use and expansion of renewable energy in the transportation and heating sectors has become slow due to weak policy support and deployment barriers. Therefore, the development and growth of renewable energy in both sectors is critical to achieving a comprehensive transition from energy production to low-carbon pathways.

There is no emissions during use, and the noise and energy consumption of solar energy is a well-deserved clean energy, but its production process not only consumes a lot of energy, but also leaves toxic waste, which is harmful to workers and the environment. The latest survey shows that the recycling of solar cells is not smooth. This makes people wonder if solar energy is really harmless to the environment?

Not long ago, the San Francisco-based non-profit organization Silicon Valley Anti-Hazardous Materials Alliance (SVTC) released the “Solar Scorecard” – based on organizational surveys and company disclosures, the sustainability of 37 PV module manufacturers worldwide. And assessing the social responsibility of the score.

The assessment includes 12 indicators: manufacturer’s extended responsibility, product recycling and recycling, supply chain responsibility, chemical reduction use, corporate sustainability efforts and product life cycle analysis.

According to the official website of SVTC, in the end, China’s PV module manufacturers ranked first, with a high score of 92, becoming the most environmentally friendly solar company.

However, it should not be overlooked that the chemical emissions of the four companies exceeded the standard, and 13 companies recognized the emission of one or more pollutants from hazardous waste, heavy metals, air pollutants and ozone depletion.

In fact, the debate about whether solar energy is environmentally friendly has existed for a long time. Although the solar cell is indeed an environmentally friendly material, it does not emit, no noise, and is incapable during use, but its production process brings high pollution and high energy consumption. “The solar industry has many environmental issues similar to the microelectronics industry,” said Sheila&dot, executive director of SVTC. Davis said.

The most common material for solar panels is crystalline silicon, and the same ingredients are used in computers and cell phones. However, the method of purifying metal silicon into crystalline silicon produces high purity trichlorosilane which is a toxic, corrosive and explosive substance.

The most serious pollution is other products in the production process – silicon tetrachloride. This is a highly corrosive, difficult to preserve toxic liquid that does not degrade naturally. If dumped or buried, the water will be heavily polluted and the land will become barren land.

For every 1 kW of solar panels produced, 5800~6000 kWh is required, and auxiliary materials such as aluminum alloy, steel and cable are not considered. “Solar cells with silicon as the main raw material consume a lot of energy in the manufacturing process,” said Feng Yiyou, an associate professor of engineering at Northwestern University.

The survey has raised concerns about solar panel recycling.

Currently, there are two main problems with recycling solar panels:

First, there are not enough facilities to handle old panels.

Second, old panels can also generate profits.

Sungzu Xiaobian does not know whether the netizens have carefully observed their own power nameplate. After we get the power supply, we will see if there is any relevant certification. Each power supply has a lot of certified LOGO logos. How many netizens can know which certifications their power supplies have passed? What is the significance of these certifications? Next, Xiaobian will explain the meaning of these certification marks.

Power rating plate certification mark

First: CE certification mark

In the EU market, the “CE” mark is a compulsory certification mark. Whether it is a product produced by an enterprise within the EU or a product produced by another country, in order to freely circulate in the EU market, the “CE” mark must be affixed to indicate the product. It meets the basic requirements of the EU Directive on Technology Coordination and Standardization. This is a mandatory requirement for products in EU law.

CE certification, that is, only the product does not endanger the basic safety requirements of human, animal and goods safety, rather than the general quality requirements, the coordination directive only specifies the main requirements, the general directive requirements are standard tasks. Therefore, the exact meaning is that the CE mark is a safety pass mark and not a quality pass mark. It is the “main requirement” that constitutes the core of the European Directive.

Second: FCC certification mark

The FCC certification is easy to understand and is a compulsory certification in the United States. Electronic and electrical products exported to the United States must pass the FCC certification before they can be sold through the US Customs and in the United States!

FCC certification is divided into three categories according to various products.

1. FCC ID certification

Specifically for wireless products, the certificate is issued by the US TCB agency. When applying for certification, the enterprise first needs to apply for the Code code. The certification company issues a test report for the product inspection, and the TCB agency audits the certificate. This cycle is relatively long, about 4 weeks. about

2. FCC VOC certification

These products are specially certified for ordinary electronic and electrical products. The main test is radiation. After passing the test, the third-party testing agency will issue reports and certificates. The cycle is relatively fast, about 1 week.

3. FCC DOC certification

Mainly for IT products, computers and computer peripheral products. This kind of test project is more complicated, the certification period is moderate, about 1-2 weeks

Third: ROHS certification mark

RoHS is a mandatory standard enacted by EU legislation, and its full name is the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (Restriction of Hazardous Substances). The standard was officially implemented on July 1, 2006. It is mainly used to standardize materials and process standards for electrical and electronic products, making it more conducive to human health and environmental protection. The purpose of this standard is to eliminate lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in electrical and electronic products (Note: the correct Chinese name for PBDE refers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers are wrong. A total of 6 substances, with a focus on the lead content of not more than 0.1%.

Fourth: National 3C certification mark

The 3C certification is called the “Compulsory Product Certification System”. It is a product conformity assessment system implemented by the Chinese government to protect consumers’ personal safety and national security, strengthen product quality management, and implement laws and regulations. The so-called 3C certification is China’s compulsory product certification system.

3C certification is divided into four categories according to different products:

The first is the security certification identifier suffix identifier is “S”

The second type is the EMC mark with the suffix labeled “EMC”

The third type is the fire certification mark, and the suffix mark is “F”.

The fourth is the safety and electromagnetic compatibility mark, and the suffix mark is “S&E”.

These four 3C certification marks have five different sizes of specifications. What we see on the power supply is the “Safety and Electromagnetic Compatibility Certification Mark”.

The above three types of power certification, 3C certification is a national mandatory standard, refers to the standards that must be passed for power products produced in China, and other international non-mandatory standards, so it is recommended that you purchase more comprehensive certification of power products.

According to Lazard, the US investment bank, Wind Energy and Solar Energy have become the cheapest sources of electricity, and natural gas power plants are the best choice to support them.

Lazard said in a recent report that the average energy cost of large solar installations fell to $36 per megawatt hour, while wind power costs were as low as $29 per megawatt hour. This is cheaper than the most efficient natural gas plants, coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors.

According to George Bilicic, head of global power and energy at Lazard, “even if renewable energy becomes cheaper, natural gas plants are still a competitive way to balance the intermittent output of wind and solar energy. On the other hand, the coal and nuclear industries Trying to keep going.”

“We will continue to see this battle going on,” said George Bilicic. “While grid-scale energy storage may one day become an ideal support for wind and solar power plants, the cost of the technology remains high and not practical.”

It consists of a set of AC + DC charging + AC and DC inverters. When the utility power is normally supplied, the battery in the portable solar generator is charged. Once the main power supply is interrupted, the battery immediately outputs the stored DC power to the inverter and converts it to AC power to supply the computer equipment, thereby maintaining power continuity to the computer equipment. Under normal circumstances, the small and medium power backup UPS is powered by the battery for about 10 to 30 minutes.It consists of a set of AC + DC charging + AC and DC inverters. When the utility power is normally supplied, the battery in the UPS is charged. Once the main power supply is interrupted, the battery immediately outputs the stored DC power to the inverter and converts it to AC power to supply the computer equipment, thereby maintaining power continuity to the computer equipment. Under normal circumstances, the small and medium power backup UPS is powered by the battery for about 10 to 30 minutes.

1. AC filter voltage regulation loop
The AC filter circuit mainly filters and purifies the input AC power and removes interference components from the power grid. And pressure adjustment within a certain range.

2. Rectifier charging circuit
The rectification charging circuit rectifies the alternating current into direct current, charges the battery through the charging circuit, and supplies the required direct current to the inside.

3. Battery pack circuit
Widely used in small and medium sized UPS is the M-type sealed battery, which is a sealed maintenance-free battery. Typically, each battery is rated for 2V, 4V, 6V or 12V. They are connected in series and in parallel to form a battery pack for the UPS. The specification capacity of the battery is expressed in ampere-hours (Ah), such as 12V, 6Ah / 20hR. It shows that the battery’s output voltage is 12V and the rated capacity is 6Ah. The index refers to the total ampere-hours measured when the battery is discharged at a rate of 20 hours (discharge current is 6/20 = 0.3 A), and is discharged until the final voltage of the battery output is 10.5 V. The battery is an important part of the UPS. The performance and quality of the battery directly affects the quality of the UPS power supply. Its cost accounts for more than 1/3 of the total machine cost.

4. Pulse width modulation type (PWM) inverter and control circuit
In UPS, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is commonly used to convert DC to AC, and a circuit that converts DC to AC is called an inverter. The inverter and its control circuit are the core circuits of the UPS. For the standby UPS, when the power supply voltage is lower than 170V, the internal AC voltage regulator circuit cannot maintain the normal 220V output, the inverter starts to work, and the DC power stored in the battery is converted into AC power. The output waveform is usually a square wave, and some UPS output waveforms are sine waves. When the mains supply rises above 180V, the inverter stops working and returns to the main power state (regulated output is 220V).For online UPS, the inverter is always in the inverter operating state. When commercial power is supplied, the alternating current is continuously rectified to direct current and then inverted to an alternating current output (the output waveform is a sine wave). When the mains voltage drops below 170V, the inverter converts the DC power stored in the battery to an AC output. When the utility power rises to 180V, it returns to the main power state.

5. Detection alarm protection circuit
In order to ensure safe and reliable operation of the UPS, the UPS must have complete detection and protection circuitry. General UPS is equipped with overcurrent, overvoltage, no-load protection, battery voltage is too low, battery polarity and AC polarity detection circuit, indicator light and horn alarm circuit.

6. Intelligent monitoring and communication circuit
The new intelligent UPS has the function of communicating with the computer and automatically monitoring. The UPS monitoring software can monitor the operation of the UPS and the power line at any time through the interface communication line, record and prompt the power failure situation, and automatically handle data storage and system protection during power failure.